Presenter: David Mintz, MD – This presentation will review the evidence base for harmful meaning effects in psychiatry and some of the common dynamics by which the meanings of medication cause harm. We will explore some of the ethical dilemmas posed by mechanisms of harm and efforts to avoid harm. We will also consider the role of an empowering, patient-centered alliance and of basic psychotherapeutic skills in ameliorating harm that is mediated by meanings assigned to medications.